IAS Prelims History 1994
| 1. Which one of the following places has yielded archaeological evidence regarding pit dwellings? a. Rakhigarhi b. Gufkral c. Mehrgarh d. Balakot 2. The crops cultivated by the Harappans included a. wheat, barley and mustard b. barley, groundnut and rice c. wheat, rice and sugarcane d. wheat, cotton and sugarcane 3. Match List-I with List-II List-I A. Double burial B. Fire altars C. Workmen’s quarters D. Bead making List-II 1. chanhudaro 2. Kalibangan 3. Lothal 4. Banawali 5. Codes: A B C D a. 3 2 5 1 b. 3 4 1 2 c. 4 2 3 5 d. 2 3 5 1 4. Which of the following were among the objects of terracotta fashioned by the Harappans? 1. Bullae 2. Toys 3. Votive animals 4. Axe-heads 5. Human forms 6. Pipal leaves a. 1, 2 and 4 b. 2, 3 and 5 c. 3, 4 and 6 d. 4, 5 and 6 5. A hoard of copper images generally assigned to the Harappan culture phase, has been found at a. Daimabad b. Brahamagiri c. Inamgaon d. 6. Which of the following Harappan sites are located in the a. Desalpur and Surkotada b. Rangpur and Rajidi c. Allabadino and Balakot d. Lothal and Surkotada 7. ‘Sutudri’ mentioned in the Rig Veda is a. A term used to denote bride b. The name of a river c. A plant used in the preparation of Sura d. A sacrificial animal 8. Which one of the following is correctly matched in the context of the Vedic culture? a. Asura : A sacred plant b. Pushan : Tribal Assembly c. Rita : Inebriating drink d. Ribhu : Gnomes 9. Which one of the following Vedangas is not correctly matched? a. Kalpa : Ritual b. Jyotisha : Astronomy c. Siksha : Phonetics d. Nirukta : Grammar 10. Which of the following characterized the later Vedic period? a. 1, 2 and 3 b. 1, 2 and 4 c. 1, 3 and 4 d. 2, 3 and 4 11. Which of the following are reasons for the identification of the reflected in the later Vedic texts with the painted Grey Ware culture? Select the correct answer. 1. material culture of the two corresponds 2. Geographical distribution of the tow corresponds 3. Chorological span of the tow corresponds 4. Both evolved locally. a. 1, 2 and 3 b. 1, 2 and 4 c. 1, 3 and 4 d. 2, 3 and 4 12. Rig Vedic people invoked Indra for a. Acquisition of knowledge b. A life after death c. Release from the cycle of births and deaths d. Material comforts and victory 13. Which one of the following was not a prot during the Sangam age? a. Arikamedu b. Uraiyur c. Korkai d. Alangulam 14. Which of the following were epics in early Tamil literature? a. Tolkappiyam and Tirukkurai b. Ahananuru and Purananuru c. Padirruppattu and Maduraikkanchi d. Silappadikaram and Manimekhalai 15. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched? Dynasties Rulers a. Chera : Karikaia b. Chola : Simuka c. Pandya : Nedunchezhian d. Satavahana: Senguttuvan | 16. Which of the following are characteristics ascribed to Buddhism? Choose the correct answer given below. 1. Rejection of the authority of the Vedas 2. Emphasis on the role of the individual 3. Belief in the categories of Jiva and ajiva 4. Theory of Prakriti and Purusha a. 1 and 2 b. 1, 3 and 4 c. 2 and 3 d. 3 and 4 17. Match List- I with List-II List – I (Attributes) A. Pot carrier B. Thunderbolt carrier C. Lotus-bearer D. Sword-holder List-II (Bodhistvas) 1. Vajrapani 2. Avalokiteshwara 3. Maitreya 4. Amitabha 5. Manjushri Codes: A B C D a. 4 1 2 3 b. 3 1 4 5 c. 3 1 2 5 d. 4 5 3 1 18. Given below are some famous Buddhist sites. Which one of them shows the correct chronological sequence in which the came into prominence? a. Nalanda, Nagarjunakonda, Amaravati, Sanchi b. Sanchi, Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, Nalanda c. Sanchi, Nagarjunakonda, Amaravati, Nalanda. d. Nagarjunakonda, Sanchi, Amaravati, Nalanda 19. Jivaka, mentioned in the early Buddhist literature, was a a. Bodhistva b. King c. Merchant d. Physician 20. In Vajrayana Buddism the spouse of the Buddha/Bodhistva a. Matangi b. Yogini c. Dakini d. 21. Religion-wise the sculptures found at Kankali Tila in 3 of 11 a. Buddist b. Jaina c. Shakata d. Vaishnava 22. Which of the following terms are used to denote Jaina texts? 1. Nirgranthas 2. Purvas 3. Angas 4. Upangas a. 1, 2 and 3 b. 2, 3 and 4 c. 1 only d. 2 and 4 only 23. Which one of the following philosophies is associated with Jainism? a. Syadvada b. Yogacara c. Madhyamika d. Sunyavada 24. Hiuen Tsang found Jainism flourishing in a. Orissa b. Kashmir c. Bengal d. 25. Kumarasambhavam describes the story of the birth of a. Sanatkumara b. Karttikeya c. Pradyumna d. Abhimanyu 26. The name of the mother-goddess Uma appears on the coins of a. Kunindas b. Indo-Greeks c. Kushanas d. Guptas 27. Megasthenes was succeeded as ambassador to the Mauryan court by a. Hegesander b. Deimachos c. Athenaeus d. Nearchus 28. Sramana is paired in early sources with a. Ajivika b. Saugata c. Brahamana d. Nirgrantha 29. Which one of the following is commentary on the Arthasastra? a. Aparajitaprccha of Bhuvanadeva b. Samaranganasutradhara of Bhojadeva c. Prabandhachintamani of Merutunga d. Pratipada-Panchika of Bhattasvamin 30. Though Asoka had many sons, the inscriptions mention only one who is not mentioned in any other source. He is a. Kunala b. Tivara c. Mahendra d. Jalauka |
IAS Prelims History 1994
| 31. The planning of the capital in the A rthasastra clearly indicates that the industrial and commercial classes were a. Not given any consideration b. Provided specific quarters in the township c. Allotted space outside the township d. Allotted space inside and outside the township 32. Which of the following statements regarding the Maurya coins are correct: 1. They are punchmarked coins in silver and copper’ 2. They bear names of kings who issued them 3. They bear distinct set of symbols a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2 and 3 33. The term “dharmasthiya” used by Kautilya denoted a. Educational institution b. Religious institution c. Judicial court d. Department of revenue 34. Stone for Mauryan pillars is believed to have been quarried at a. Rajmahal hills b. Rajagriha c. Chunar d. Barabar hills 4 of 11 35. During the reign of Asoka Kumaras were stationed at a. Takshasila, Tosali and Ujjayani b. Takshasila, Ujjayani and Junagadh c. Takshasila, tosali and Sopara d. Ujjayani, 36. Which of the following statements regarding dinara is/are correct? 1. It denoted only a foreign coin 2. It denoted a gold coin 3. It denoted a coin in use in the Gupta period. 4. It was used only for the sale and purchase of land a. 1, 2 3 b. 1, 2 and 4 c. 2, 3 and 4 d. None 37. network of international trade in early times, was located in the area now known as a. Punjab b. Baluchistan c. d. 38. Consider the map given below: The places marked 1, 2, 3 and 4 on the map respectively are a. Kausambi, Pushkalavati, Rohitaka and Mahishmati b. Rohitaka, Kausambi, Mahishmati and Pushkalavati c. Mahishmati, Rohitaka, Kausambi and Pushkalavati d. Pushkalavati, Rohitaka, Mahishmati and kausambi 39. the royal title Kaisara was derived from a. Persian b. Scythian c. Chinese d. Roman 40. Which one of the following was a major item of import in Gupta period? a. Horses b. Leather goods c. Medicinal herbs d. Silk 41. Which one of the following is correctly matched a. Uraiyur : Spices b. Korkai : c. Vanji : Silk d. Kanchi : lvory 42. Which of the following were among items imported from the Roman world? 1. Silk 2. Female slaves 3. Wine 4. Coral a. 1, 2 and 3 b. 2, 3 and 4 c. 1 , 3 and 4 d. 1m 2 and 4 43. Which of the following were denoted by the term kutumbin occurring in epigraphical sources? 1. landowners 2. Artisans 3. Kinsmen of rural officials 4. Category of persons sometimes transferred along with land a. 1, and 3 b. 1, 2 and 3 c. 1 and 4 d. 2, 3 and 4 44. The ultimate ownership of land during the post-Gupta period lay with a. The cultivator b. The village community c. The king d. The joint family 45. Chatiyatra was used in early a. Manufacture of vessels of metal b. Pouring of water in sacrificial rituals c. Conducting Tantric rituals d. Irrigation from wells | 46. In ancient and early medieval uncultivated and untaxed land was called a. Sita b. Kharvataka c. Khilakshetra d. Sitadhyakasha 47. The term devamatrika refers to a. The divine mothers b. One’s homeland c. Lady with divine qualities d. Country with rainfall 48. The term brahmadeya occurs for the first time in a. Early Vedic texts b. Early Buddhist texts c. Pre-Gupta inscriptions d. Post-Gupta inscriptions 49. Which of the following were terms used in early land? 1. Pala 2. Nala 3. Kulyavapa 4. Nivartana a. 1, 2 and 3 b. 1, 2 and 4 c. 1, 3 and 4 d. 2, 3 and 4 50. Match List-I with List-II List-I A. Koliyas B. Moriyas C. Videhas D. Lichehavis List-II 1. Pippalivana 2. Vaisali 3. Ramagama 4. Mithila Codes: A B C D a. 3 2 4 1 b. 1 4 2 3 c. 3 1 4 2 d. 4 3 2 1 51. Which one of the following inscriptions provides the earliest epigraphical evidence regarding Sati? a. Mathura inscription of Huvishka b. Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta c. Junagarh inscription of Sakandagupta d. Eran Pillar inscription of Bhanugupta 52. The head of a guild in ancient and early medieval a. Mllinatha b. Sthulabhadra c. Nayachandra d. Hemachandra 53. The head of a guild in ancient and early medieval a. Adhipati b. Gahapati c. Jetthaka d. Ahikari 54. Which of the following pairs of dynasties and cognomens used by them is/are correctly matched? 1. Chola : Rajakesari and Parakesari 2. Pandyas : Satyavakya and Nitimarga 3. Chadaiyavarman a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 1 and 3 d. 2 and 3 55. The post-Gupta social structure in north a. Growing importance of women b. Lessning of untouchability c. Proliferation of castes d. Revival of slavery 56. Which one of the following were included in the antyaja category of people mentioned in the Daramasastras? a. Yavanas b. Sabasras c. Sudras d. Chandalas 57. Svayamvara was a special form of a. Gandharva marriage b. Paisca marriage c. Raksasa marriage d. Brahma marriage 58. Qtbuddin Aibak is said to have built, besides the Qutb mosque and the qutb minar. a. The Arhai-din-ka Jhompra mosque at b. The Khirki masjid at Jahan-Panath c. The Mausoleum of Khan-i-Jahan Tilangani d. The Kila-i-Kuhna mosque at 59. Who among the following Sultans organized the Iqtas, the army and the currency – the three most important ourgans of the imperial structure of the a. Qutbuddin Aibak b. Shamsuddin Iltutamish c. Ghiyasudding Balban d. Alauddin Khaliji 60. Which of the following were the tow basic coins of the Sultanate period? 1. Tankah 2. Dam 3. Jital 4. Rupiya a. 1 and 3 b. I and 4 c. 2 and 3 d. 2 and 4 |
| 61. Which of the following provided the revenue for the Delhi Sultanate? 1. Kharaj 2. Khams 3. Jiziah 4. Zakat a. 1, 2, 3 and 4 b. 2, 3, 4 and 6 c. 3, 4, 5 and 6 d. All the six 62. The rate of land revenue was highest during the reign of a. Ghiyasudding Balban b. Alauddin Khalji c. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq d. Muhammad bin Tughlaq 63. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? a. Jaunpur : Atala Mosque b. Malwa : Jahaz Mahal c. d. 64. Who among the following had a social status higher than that of the other three in the a. Weaver b. Potter c. Smith d. Leather-worker 65. Which lone of the following pairs of persons and events correctly matched? a. Bukka I: Conquest of b. Rama Raya: c. Krishnadeva Raya: Battle of Rakkas Tangadi d. Tirumala Raya: Transfer of capital to 66. Land revenue in the Vijayanagar kingdom ranged from a. 20% to 25% of the produce b. 26% to 30% of the produce c. 31% to 60% of the produce 67. Which one of the following was a Portuguese coin that was circulation in the western coastal areas of the Vijayanagar kingdom? a. Dinar b. Cruzado c. d. ducat 68. Who among the following was the most radical of the Bhakti saints? a. Ramananda b. Tulsidas c. Kabir d. Namdev 69. Match List- I and List-II List-I A. Chandidasa B. Chaitanya 7 of 11 C. Husain Shah D. Surdasa List-II 1. Radhavallabh sect 2. Sahajiyas 3. Advaita philosophy 4. Satyapir worship 5. Bhedabheda philosophy Codes: A B C D a. 2 3 4 5 b. 2 5 4 1 c. 1 5 3 4 d. 3 4 2 1 70. Which of the following was/were stressed by the Bhakti saints of the 15th and 16th centuries? 1. idea of personal God 2. Purity of caste system 3. Futility of religious rites 4. Conception of Nirguna Brahaman a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 3 and 4 d. 4 only 71. Which of the following statements regarding the Nathpanthi movement is/are correct? 1. It was essentially confined to India 2. it challenged the superiority of the Brahamanas 3. it advocated Hindu-Muslim unity Select the answer from the codes given below: a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 2 only 72. In which one of the following spheres, Akbarcarrie forward the policies first initiated by Sher Shah? a. Measurement of land for purposes of assessing land revenue b. Recruitment of nobility form various section of the society c. Appointment of rulers who accepted his suzerainty to high offices d. Withdrawal of discriminatory laws against non – Muslims 73. The conflict between the Mughals and the Marathas began during the reign of a. Akbar b. Jahangir c. Shah Jahan d. Aurangzeb 74. Given below are tow statements on labeled as Assertion (A) and the other labeled as Reason (R): Assertion (A) : The month scales were introduced by Shah Jahan to fix the minimum military obligation of mansabdar according to his salary. Reason (R) : The Mughals were always faced with the problem of hasil falling far below the Jama. In the context of the above two statements which one of the a. Both a and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A b. Both and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A c. A is true but R is false d. A is false but R is true. 75. Which one of the following looked after the military department under the Mughals? a. Mir – I – Saman b. Sadr – us – Sudur c. Mir – I – Bakshi d. Diwan – I - ala | 76. The nimbus formed a special feature of Mughal portraiture a. Akbar b. Jahanjir c. Shah Jahan d. Aurangzeb 77. The manuscript of Dastan-i-Amir Hamza was illustrated by a. Abdus Samad of b. Faruq Qalmaq c. Mir Sayyid Ali of Tabrez d. Miskin 78. Which one of the following statements is correct regarding the mode of payment of land revenue during the Mughal period? a. The peasants paid revenue in metallic currency b. The peasants paid revenue in cowry c. The peasants paid revenue in the form of crops d. There was no uniform mode of payment of revenue throughout the Mughal Empire. 79. During Akbar’s reign, land which was cultivated every year and was never left fallow was known as a. Polaj b. Parauti c. Chachar d. Banjar 80. Consider the map given below: The map above shows the Mughal empire in a. 1525 b. 1607 c. 1707 d. 1761 81. Which one of the following was written by Dara Shikoh? a. Padshahnamah b. Majma-ul-Baharain c. Shahanamah d. Muntakhab-ul-Lubab 82. Which one of the following was a new cash crop introduced in 17th century? a. Indigo b. Red chilly c. Groundnut d. Tobacco 83. Before his coming to Akabar’s court Miyan Tansen was in the Service of a. Raja of b. Raja of Jaipur c. Raja Ramchandra Baghel of Bhatha d. Rani of Gondwana 84. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the export of Indian opium to the Indonesian archipelagos was dominated by the a. Gujarati and Marwari mercantile groups b. Portuguese c. Dutch East India Company d. English East India Company 85. The Mughal emperor who drove away the Portuguese from Hughli, the premier port of Bengal, was a. Akbar b. Jahangir c. Shah Jahan d. Aurangzeb 86. What is the correct chronological sequence of the following events relating to Shivaji? 1. Visit to 2. Attack on 3. Coronation 4. Signing of the Treaty of Purandar a. 1, 4, 3, 2 b. 2, 4, 1, 3 c. 2, 1, 4, 3 d. 2, 1, 2, 4 87. In the early decades of Maratha rule the most popular unit of land revenue measurement was a. Gaj b. Kathi c. Jarib d. Janjir 88. Who was the British Governor General, who inflicted a decisive defeat on the Maratha confederation? a. Warren Hastings b. Lord Wellesley c. Lord d. Lord Minto 89. Which one of the following correctly describes the function of the Amatya in the Ashtapradhan system? a. The prime Minister b. The Finance minister c. The minister who preserved a daily record of the kings acts and the proceedings of his court 9 of 11 d. The Minister for ecclesiastical matters 90. During the decline of the Mughal empire, the Jats were organized into a political force by a. Rajaram b. Churaman c. Adan Singh d. Suraj Mal |
| 91. What is the correct chronological order of the following Mughal emperors? 1. Ahmad Shag 2. Shag Alam II 3. Alamgir II 4. Akbar II a. 2, 1, 3, 4 b. 1, 2, 4, 3 c. 1, 3, 2, 4 d. 4, 3, 1, 2 92. Match List-I with List-II List-I (Mughal Governors) A. Alvardi B. Saadat and Safdar Jung C. Zakiry Khan D. Nizam – ul - mulk List-II (Territories) 1. 2. 3. Bengalo 4. 5. Carnatic Codes: A B C D a. 4 2 1 3 b. 1 4 3 2 c. 3 2 4 5 d. 3 4 1 2 93. The Nawab of Bengal who transferred the capital from a. Mir quasim b. Siraj – ud – Daulah c. Murshid Quli Khan d. Mir Jafar 94. The Mughal fireman of free trade in Bengal was granted to the English in a. 1717 b. 1756 c. 2650 d. 1696 95. The Indian ruler who defeated the English in the early stage of English rule in was a. Ranjit Singh b. Mahadaji sindhia c. Hyder Ali d. Tipu Sultan 96. Treaty of Mangalore was signed between a. The English East India Company and Haidar Ali b. The English East India Company and Tipu sultan c. Haidar ali and the Zamorin of d. The French East India Company and Tipu Sultan 97. The Mazhbi Sikhs were originally a. Lanaded magnates b. Peasants c. Artisans d. Menials 98. Which one of the following places on the Western coast of factory? a. b. Tellicherry c. Cannanore d. Calicut 99. Which one of the following districts was not included in the Zamindari granted to the East India Company by Mir Qasim? a. Burdwan b. Muzaffarpur c. Midnapore d. 100. Which one of the following acts abolished the monopoly of tea trade and trade with a. Regulating Act of 1973 b. Pitt’s India Ct. c. Charter Act of 1813 d. Charter Act of 1833 101. Which one of the following was a cause for the decline of the textile industry in a. Decline in the quality of production b. Non – availability of raw material c. High tariff rates on export to d. Non-availability of craftsmen 102. Which one of the following statements is correct? a. The Permanent Settlement of concluded in 1973 by Cornwallis, provided proprietary right in the soil to a class of aristocratic Zamindars b. The Zamindars emerged from the permanent Settlement operations in a weaker position. c. Thomas Munro developed a system of settlement under which the government did not deal directly with individual peasant cultivator. 10 of 11 103. Given below are four industries that developed during British rule in 1. Jute Industry 2. Iron and Steel Industry 3. Textile Industry 4. Sugar Industry Which one of the following shows the correct chronology order in which the industries developed? a. 1, 2, 3, 4 b. 3, 1, 2, 4 c. 1, 3, 2, 4 d. 4, 1, 2, 3 104. Given below are two statements, one labeled as Assertion and the other labeled as Reason (R): Assertion (A): After their occupation of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa the English used various means to bolster their trade which result in the decline of Indian handicrafts industry. Reason (R): The British monopolized the trade of enactments. In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct? a. Both A and R is true and R is the correct explanation of A. b. Both a and R are true but r is not the correct explanation of A c. A is true but R is false d. A is false but R is true 105. The Government of India Act of 1919 clearly defined the a. Separation of power between the judiciary and the legislature. b. Jurisdiction of the central and provincial government c. J8urisdiction of the Viceroy and the Governors of provinces d. Powers of the Secretary of State for | 106. The bill to cancel the exemption given to the European community from the jurisdiction of the magistrates and the Criminals Courts established by the East India Company was proposed. a. 1849 b. 1861 c. 1879 d. 1882 107. The Pitts India Act of 1984 sought to a. Introduce some parliamentary control over the English East India Company. b. Reduce the armed forces of the India c. Curtail the company trading rights d. Convert the Company into a business firm without any political authority. 108. The Uprising of 1857 was described as the first Indian war of independence by a. S.N. Sen b. R.C. Mazumdar c. B.G. Tilak d. V.D. Savarkar 109. Match List-I with List-II List-I A. Revolt of the Bhils B. Revolt of the Gujars C. Kolhapur Rising D. Santhal Rebellion List-II 1. 1855-56 2. 1817-18 3. 1893-45 4. 1824 Codes: A B C D a. 2 4 1 3 b. 3 2 1 4 c. 2 4 3 1 d. 2 1 3 4 110. Who among the following leaders of the Revolt of 1857 wrote to the French emperor? “The acts of injustice and perjury of the English Government blaze on all sides like the rays of the sun”? a. Nana Sahib b. Bahadur Shah c. Tatya Tope d. Birjis Qard 111. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched? a. Ulgulan : Aspalle b. c. Khond Rebellion : Kumaon d. Sapha Har Movement : Birsa Munda 112. Which one of the following events immediately followed the Revolt of the Sepoys in 1857? a. Santhal Insurrection b. Kuki Rebellion c. Peasant agitation against the indigo planters in d. Agitation against reduction of agelimits for entry into Civil service 113. Match List-I with List-II List-I A. M.G. Randade 11 of 11 B. Jotiba Phule C. Pandita Ramabai D. D.K. Karve List-II 1. Girls school at 2. The Indian national and social Conference. 3. Arya Mahila Samaj 4. Windows home at Pooma Codes: A B C D a. 2 3 14 4 b. 2 1 3 4 c. 4 2 3 1 d. 3 1 4 2 114. Who was the first President of the All- India Trade Union Congress? a. V.V. Giri b. c. Jawahar Lal Nehru d. Lala Lajpat Raj 115. The Trades Disputes Act of 1929 provided for a. A system of tribunals and a ban on strikes b. The participation of workers in the management of industries. c. Arbitrary powers to the management to quell industrial disputes. d. An intervention by the the event of a dispute. 116. the one major result of the process of depeasantisation was a. A spurt in industrial growth b. An erosion in the value of land as a commodity c. A growth of landless agricultural labour d. The introduction of institutional financing by the governments. 117. Match List-I with List-II List-I (Resolutions of the Indian National Congress and the all Parties’ Conference) A. Attainment of Swaraj by all peaceful and legitimate means B. Promotion by constitutional means for the interest and well – being of the people of the Indian Empire C. Attainment of dominion Status D. Complete national independence. List-II (Sessions and Dates of adoption) 1. Adopted at 2. Adopted at the Special Session in 3. Adopted in the madras Session, 1927. 4. Adopted by the All parties conventions, 1928. Codes: A B C D a. 4 3 2 1 b. 3 4 1 2 c. 2 1 4 3 d. 1 2 3 4 118. The a. Hindu – Muslim unity b. Representation of lower castes c. Privileges of the princes d. Review of the working of Dyarchy 119. the object of the was to a. modernize the Indian army b. modernize Indian agriculture c. impose censorship on nationalist press d. improve the relationship between the Government of India and the 120. Which of the following were included in the Gandhi Irwin Pact? 1. Invitation to Congress to participate in the Round Table Conference. 2. Withdrawal of ordinances promulgated in connecting with the civil disobedience Movement. 3. Acceptance of Gandhi’s suggestions for inquiry into police excesses. 1. Release of only those prisoners who were not charged with violence. a. 1, 2, and 3 b. 1, 3 and 4 c. 2, 3 and 4 d. 1, 2 and 4 |
